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Coal: America's Energy Future

VOLUME I DOWNLOADS
Section File Size Number of Pages
Cover 1 MB 2
Letter from the U.S. Secretary of Energy, Samuel W. Bodman 256 KB 2
Letter from the National Coal Council to the U.S. Secretary of Energy 258 KB 2
Table of Contents 54 KB 1
Map: The Resource: 27% of the World’s Coal is in the United States 134 KB 1
Preface 37 KB 1
Executive Summary 2.7 MB 14
Chapter One: Coal-To-Liquids to Produce 2.6 MMbbl/d 839 KB 17
Chapter Two: Coal-To-Natural Gas to Produce 4 TcF Per Year 585 KB 12
Chapter Three: Coal-To-Clean Electricity 708 KB 18
Chapter Four: Coal to Produce Ethanol 436 KB 10
Chapter Five: Coal-To-Hydrogen 535 KB 10
Chapter Six: Enhanced Oil and Gas (Coalbed Methane) Recovery as Carbon Management Strategies 502 KB 12
Chapter Seven: Delineate U.S. Coal Reserves and Transportation Constraints as Part of an Effort to Maximize U.S. Coal Production 776 KB 18
Chapter Eight: Penn State Study, “Economic Benefits of Coal Conversion Investments”* 531 KB 10
Appendix: Abbreviations 36 KB 3
Back cover 648 KB 1
*Economic analysis conducted at Penn State University, 2006; see Volume II for analysis detail.


VOLUME I CHARTS
Figure Title File Size (KB)
ES. 1 Global Coal Use Soars 22%, or 1.1 Billion Tons, in 3 Years 56 KB
ES. 2 Coal Use Grows While Emissions Decline 69 KB
ES. 3 U.S. Forecasts Largest Increase in Coal Generation in Decades 71 KB
ES. 4 Natural Gas Reserves in the World 88 KB
ES. 5 Capital Expenditures for Coal Btu Conversion Technologies 60 KB
ES. 6 Gains in Gross Domestic Product Resulting from More Robust Coal Use 69 KB
1.1 America's Growing Oil Addiction 87 KB
1.2 Real Oil Prices Highest Since Carter Administration 60 KB
1.3 Incremental Petroleum Demand 126 KB
1.4 OPEC Capacity vs. NYMEX Oil Prices 140 KB
1.5 Annual U.S. Oil Production Drops 57% Over 30 Years 54 KB
1.6 Trends in World Oil Production 70 KB
1.7 “Developing” Nations Driving Greatly Increased Energy Use 67 KB
1.8 The Unprecedented Scale of Change in China 109 KB
1.9 Imbalance Forecast in Asia Oil Supply & Demand 56 KB
1.10 Typical Direct Coal Liquefaction Process 61 KB
1.11 Typical Indirect Coal Liquefaction Process 68 KB
1.12 U.S. Indirect Coal Liquefaction Projects Under Consideration 58 KB
2.1 Natural Gas Prices See Two-Fold Increase Over 5 Years 57 KB
2.2 Projections for Dry Natural Gas Production in North America 61 KB
2.3 EIA Projected U.S. Natural Gas Production for 2020 Steadily Declined Since 2002 Projection 66 KB
2.4 EIA Estimates 580% Increase in LNG to Meet Demands by 2025 57 KB
2.5 Natural Gas Reserves in the World 80 KB
2.6 LNG Facilities Are Planned & Under Construction—World 84 KB
2.7 Syngas Can Be Converted to Multiple Fuel and Liquid Products 67 KB
2.8 Gasification Process Developers 102 KB
3.1 Projected Electricity Generation in the U.S. 44 KB
3.2 Natural Gas Plant Start-Up Peaked in 2002 66 KB
3.3 Natural Gas Costs Have Escalated Rapidly 62 KB
3.4 Over 51% of U.S. Electricity Is from Coal 104 KB
3.5 Natural Gas Increasingly Setting Power Prices 105 KB
3.6 Imbalance Forecast in U.S. Gas Supply & Demand 74 KB
3.7 Resurgence in U.S. Coal-Based Electricity 52 KB
3.8 CAIR Accelerates 35 Years of Clean Air Progress 56 KB
3.9 A Buildout of New Generation Has Begun 72 KB
3.10 Proposed New Coal Plants 74 KB
3.11 U.S. Gas Plants by Capacity Factor 96 KB
3.12 The Path to Ultra-Low Emissions from Coal-Fueled Generation Plants 65 KB
4.1 Projected Future of Biofuels 50 KB
4.2 Ethanol Production Capacity 55 KB
4.3 Energy Use per Gallon (Btu/Gallon) Without Co-Product Energy Credits, 2001 61 KB
5.1 How They Work: PEM Fuel Cells 103 KB
5.2 FutureGen: Clean Coal & New Markets 83 KB
6.1 Options for Carbon Capture and Storage 102 KB
6.2 Carbon Dioxide Pipelines in the Permian Basin 64 KB
6.3 Carbon Dioxide Pipelines in Operation in North America 92 KB
6.4 Ten Areas Studied to Date 69 KB
6.5 Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships 100 KB
6.6 CCPC Plan Schedule 58 KB
6.7 Global CSS Programs 82 KB
7.1 U.S. Coal Supply Regions 93 KB
7.2 U.S. Coal Reserves by State and Type—12/2004 152 KB
7.3 Coal Mine Production in the U.S. 62 KB
7.4 Coal Production by Mining Method 67 KB
7.5 Coal Mining Industry Continues to Increase Focus on Safety 58 KB
7.6 Ten Largest Categories 2004 Class I Railroads 55 KB
7.7 Railroad Revenue Per Ton-Mile by Mileage Block: 1990-2004 63 KB
7.8 U.S. Electric Utility Delivered Cost of Fuel 54 KB
7.9 Coal Production Is Spread Throughout Three Major Regions 58 KB
7.10 Class I Railroad Network 111 KB
7.11 Railroads Do Not Earn Their Cost of Capital 61 KB
8.1 Study Shows Increasing Trajectory of New Plants and Additional Mining Will Have Profound Effect on U.S. Economy 75 KB
8.2 Impacts of Coal Conversion on Energy Supply and Prices 49 KB
8.3 Study Shows Average End-Use Energy Prices With and Without Increased Coal Utilization 53 KB
8.4 Impacts on Gross Domestic Product and Employment 139 KB


VOLUME II DOWNLOADS
Section File Size Number of Pages
Cover 1.2 MB 1
Table of Contents 23 KB 1
Electricity Generation 938 KB 26
Coal-to-Liquids 270 KB 12
The Natural Gas Situation 126 KB 16
Economic Benefits of Coal Conversion Investments 206 KB 13
Appendix 2.1: Description of the National Coal Council 50 KB 1
Appendix 2.2: The National Coal Council Member Roster 58 KB 10
Appendix 2.3: The National Coal Council Policy Committee 44 KB 3
Appendix 2.4: The National Coal Council Study Work Group 42 KB 5
Appendix 2.5: Correspondence Between The National Coal Council and the U.S. Department of Energy 311 KB 4
Appendix 2.6: Correspondence from Industry Experts 57 KB 6
Appendix 2.7: Acknowledgements 25 KB 1
Appendix 2.8: Abbreviations 32 KB 5


VOLUME II CHARTS
Figure Title File Size (KB)
1.1 Schematic Illustration of a Pulverized Coal-Fired Utility Boiler 86 KB
1.2 Current Coal-Fired Power Plant Improvements 52 KB
1.3 USC Steam Plants in Service or Under Construction Globally 32 KB
1.4 Ongoing Development for USC Steam Plants 37 KB
1.5 Estimated Plant Efficiencies for Various Steam Cycles 40 KB
1.6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions vs. Net Plant Efficiency 38 KB
1.7 Recent Air Permit Limits 25 KB
1.8 Annual CCP Production 33 KB
1.9 CCP Production and Beneficial UseS 40 KB
1.10 IGCC Operations 28 KB
1.11 Planar SOFC Cell Configuration 48 KB
1.12 SOFC Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrids 288 KB
2.1 Single-Stage Direct Coal Liquefaction Processes 24 KB
2.2 Two-Stage Direct Coal Liquefaction Processes 29 KB
2.3 FT Technologies 24 KB
2.4 U.S. Indirect Coal Liquefaction Projects 153 KB
2.5 Typical Indirect Coal Liquefaction Process 151 KB
2.6 Final Product Comparison 26 KB
2.6.1 Trace Element Reductions via Conventional Physical Cleaning 31 KB
2.6.2 Mercury and Ash Reduction During the Cleaning of North Appalachian Coals 28 KB
2.6.3 Changes In Combustion Characteristics With Cleaning 37 KB
2.7 Typical Hybrid Coal Liquefaction Process 36 KB
2.8 Co-Processing Liquefaction Process 39 KB
2.9 Typical Mild Pyrolysis Process 36 KB
NA Annual and Projected World NG Consumption 80 KB
3.1 Examples of Demand Growth in Emerging Economies (Tcf) 80 KB
3.2 Consumption of the World’s NG (%) 37 KB
3.3 Projected Growth in Demand (Tcf) 37 KB
3.4 Electric Generation Provided by NG 27 KB
3.5 States Particularly Depend on NG During Peak 44 KB
3.6 Declining Production in Gulf of Mexico 35 KB
3.7 NG Production in Texas vs. Producing Wells 30 KB
3.8 Western Canadian NG Decline Rate 31 KB
3.9 NG Imports from Canada (Tcf) 28 KB
3.10 Industrial NG Prices 37 KB
3.11 Net Industrial Energy Use 30 KB
3.12 IOF Energy Use 38 KB
3.13 Gaseous Fuel Intensity 38 KB
3.14 North American Glass Furnaces 29 KB
4.1 Driving Assumptions and Total Coal Use in 2025 32 KB
4.2 Assumed Thermal Efficiencies of Coal Conversion Technologies 29 KB
4.3 New Plant Starts, Operating Plants 24 KB
4.4 Disaggregate Calculations of Energy Production from Coal Btu Energy Conversion 26 KB
4.5 Capital Outlays and Direct Employment 24 KB
4.6 Impacts of Coal Conversion of Energy Supply and Prices 59 KB
4.7 Impacts of Coal Energy Conversion on Aggregate Energy Prices 24 KB
4.8 Impacts of Coal Energy Conversion of GDP in Billions of Dollars ($2004) 26 KB
4.9 Employment Impacts of Coal Energy Conversion 24 KB
4.10 Impacts of Coal Energy Conversion with CO2 Capture and Enhanced Oil Recovery 25 KB